Brief Introduction of Lubricant Additive Antioxidant Development
Well before the mechanism of hydrocarbon oxidation was thoroughly investigated, researchers had come to understand that some oils provided greater resistance to oxidation than others. The difference was eventually identifed as naturally occurring antioxidants, which varied depending on crude source or refning techniques. Some of these natural antioxidants were found to contain sulfur or nitrogen bearing functional groups.
Therefore, it is not surprising that, certain additives that are used to impart special properties to the oil, such as sulfur-bearing chemicals, were found to provide additional antioxidant stability. The discovery of sulfurized additives providing oxidation stability was followed by the identifcation of similar properties with phenols, which led to the development of sulfurized phenols. Next, certain amines and metal salts of phosphorus or sulfur containing acids were identifed as imparting oxidation stability.
By now numerous antioxidants for lubricating oils have been patented and described in the literature. Today, nearly all lubricants contain at least one antioxidant for stabilization and other performance enhancing purposes. Since oxidation has been identifed as the primary cause of oil degradation, it is the most important aspect for lubricants that the oxidation stability be maximized.
Oxidation produces harmful species, which eventually compromises the designated functionalities of a lubricant, shortens its service life, and to a more extreme extent, damages the machinery it lubricates. The oxidation is initiated upon exposure of hydrocarbons to oxygen and heat and can be greatly accelerated by transitional metals such as copper, iron, nickel, and so on. when present. The internal combustion engine is an excellent chemical reactor for catalyzing the process of oxidation with heat and engine metal parts acting as effective oxidation catalysts.
Thus, in-service engine oils are probably more susceptible to oxidation than most other lubricant applications. For the prevention of lubricant oxidation, antioxidants are the key additive that protects the lubricant from oxidative degradation, allowing the fluid to meet the demanding requirements for use in engines and industrial applications.
Several effective antioxidant classes have been developed over the years and have seen use in engine oils, automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, turbine oils, compressor oils, greases, hydraulic fluids, and metal working fluids. The main classes include oil-soluble organic and organometallic antioxidants of the following types:
1. Sulfur compounds
2. Sulfur–nitrogen compounds
3. Phosphorus compounds
4. Sulfur–phosphorus compounds
5. Aromatic amine compounds
6. Hindered phenolic (HP) compounds
7. Organo–copper compounds
8. Boron compounds
9. Other organometallic compounds
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